IMPERIALISM 2 (1999) FULL

One of the countryвЂ™s leading poets, AbГ© Barreto Soares, embodies the way these themes come together.ДЄlthough it declared its independence from Portugal in 1975, Timor-Leste (East Timor) only regained that independence in 2002, following a brutal Indonesian invasion, 24 years of military occupation, a referendum that opted for self-rule, and a three-year United Nations interim administration.Д«arreto SoaresвЂ™ personal history mirrors that of his country: a young boy when Indonesia invaded, his family suffered deaths and other losses. It is doing so today in Timor-Leste (East Timor), where themes of resistance to foreign rule, Indigenous re-assertion, language and the shape of the new nation intertwine. Recognized by the American Society of Civil Engineers as one of the seven wonders of the modern world in 1994, the canal hosted its 1 millionth passing ship in September 2010.Poetry can help build nations.

IMPERIALISM 2 (1999) FULL

President Jimmy Carter and Panama leader Omar Torrijos, with the Panama Canal Authority assuming full control on December 31, 1999. The transition to local oversight began with a 1977 treaty signed by U.S.

Impact of the Panama CanalД«olstered by the addition of Madden Dam in 1935, the Panama Canal proved a vital component to expanding global trade routes in the 20th century. Many people died building the Panama Canal: Of the 56,000 workers employed between 19, roughly 5,600 were reportedly killed. Altogether, some 3.4 million cubic meters of concrete went into building the locks, and nearly 240 million cubic yards of rock and dirt were excavated during the American construction phase. Completed at a cost of more than $350 million, it was the most expensive construction project in U.S. The Panama Canal officially opened on August 15, 1914, although the planned grand ceremony was downgraded due to the outbreak of WWI. The entire enterprise was powered by electricity and run through a control board. Hollow, buoyant lock gates were also built, varying in height from 47 to 82 feet. Ultimately, the three locks along the canal route lifted ships 85 feet above sea level, to man-made GatГєn Lake in the middle. Built in pairs, with each chamber measuring 110 feet wide by 1,000 feet long, the locks were embedded with culverts that leveraged gravity to raise and lower water levels. Despite the attention paid to this phase of the project, Culebra Cut was a notorious danger zone, as casualties mounted from unpredictable landslides and dynamite explosions.Д¬onstruction of the locks began with the pouring of concrete at GatГєn in August 1909. Excavation of the nearly 9-mile stretch became an around-the-clock operation, with up to 6,000 men contributing at any one time. Goethals focused efforts on Culebra Cut, the clearing of the mountain range between Gamboa and Pedro Miguel. Goethals proved a no-nonsense commander by squashing a work strike after taking charge, but he also oversaw the addition of facilities to improve the quality of life for workers and their families. George Washington Goethals the new chief engineer, granting him authority over virtually all administrative matters in the building zone. Incensed, Roosevelt named Army Corps engineer Lt. De Lesseps belatedly realized that a sea-level canal was too difficult and reorganized efforts toward a lock canal, but funding was pulled from the project in 1888.ДЄlthough construction was on track when President Roosevelt visited the area in November 1906, the project suffered a setback when Stevens suddenly resigned a few months later. The French soon comprehended the monumental challenge ahead of them: Along with the incessant rains that caused heavy landslides, there was no effective means for combating the spread of yellow fever and malaria. Led by Count Ferdinand de Lesseps, the builder of the Suez Canal in Egypt, the construction team broke ground on a planned sea-level canal in 1880. The realization of such a route across the mountainous, jungle terrain was deemed impossible at the time, although the idea remained tantalizing as a potential shortcut from Europe to eastern Asia.ДЇrance was ultimately the first country to attempt the task. The idea of creating a water passage across the isthmus of Panama to link the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans dates back to at least the 1500s, when King Charles I of Spain tapped his regional governor to survey a route along the Chagres River.

Imperialism 2 (1999)